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| Ok, let's get straight to the point! |
Understanding even the basics of classic greek dactylic hexameter (or 'heroic' hexameter) isn't easy, well not for me anyway: It doesn't help that I can't read ancient Greek (or modern Greek, for that matter;) it doesn't simplify things to discover that ancient Greek poetry was based on syllable weight, whereas most modern languages, including English use a syllabic system of accentual stress, and it only confuses matters to learn that the Romans came along and actually reversed the meanings of some of the terms.
OK, well if that's not enough to put you off, read on and I'll try to share at least part of what I've learned. (That'll be the part that I think I understand, then!)
First of all, you need to be able to accept that the ancient Greek poets seemed to be obsessed with bodily parts while writing poetry, (or perhaps they were obsessed with poetry, whilst marching and contemplating their fingers.)
Let's start by looking at the term 'Dactylic Hexameter.'
First of all: Hexameter. Even those with only a minimal understanding of Greek will know that 'hexa-' implies six, and that '-meter' derives from 'metron' meaning measure, so Hexameter means 'six metra' (metra is the correct plural of metron, but think 'metrons' instead if you like.) A metron is also known as a 'foot' and it's worth mentioning now that the 'metron' measure was also used to describe a single pace when marching. (remember that, it'll help to explain some of the other terms later on.)
Dactylic obviously means 'of dactyl' and dactyl means 'finger' (or 'toe' in some contexts, but we'll stick with finger for now.) Now it's easy to think of poetic structure in terms of measures and marching paces, but where the hell does the finger come in?
Take a moment to contemplate your finger (just like the ancient Greek poets must have done at some time,) or if that doesn't appeal, take a look at the illustration at the top of this post. You'll notice from the picture (or from your own digit,) that a finger contains three bones. (If you're looking at your thumb, stop that now! it only confuses things, and this is complicated enough to begin with!) Unless you have exceedingly fat fingers, you should be able to see that there's a long bone (nearest to the top knuckle,) followed by two short bones, as we travel down toward the fingertip. Surprisingly, or maybe not so surprisingly, this long-short-short structure is replicated in the structure of a single metron in dactylic hexameter.
I mentioned before that ancient Greek verse was very much based on syllable weight, in that phonetically, ancient Greek as a language was typified by the existence of short vowels and long vowels. English has long and short vowels too, but it held more importance for Greek as a language. (Let's assume I mean ancient Greek from now on: modern Greek has very little bearing on this.) With Greek, every syllable contained only one vowel, (ok, there was the occasional diphthong too) and each vowel being either long or short meant that words in Greek were made up of long syllables and short syllables.
This is where the point of the finger comes in (first term definition coming up) A dactyl is a metron comprising one long syllable, followed by two short syllables.
Now of course you'll have worked out by now from the 'hexameter' bit, that a Greek verse in the epic form, consists of six metra, so you'd be forgiven for thinking that it consisted of six dactyls, (after all, that's what dactylic hexameter means isn't it? 'six dactyls'?) but you'd be wrong, because if you think about it,
- that would be a particularly monotonous structure for poetry,
- it would be very difficult to tell where one verse ended and the next started, and
- things are never quite as simple as that.
First of all we need to look further into the structure of the metron, into the dactyl in particular, and to a couple of other forms which feature within dactylic hexameter (playing only supporting roles obviously, since they don't get a mention in the name.)
As a metron is related to a single pace when marching, (see, I told you that was worth mentioning earlier,) the metron is divided into two parts: (incoming terms warning,) The thesis, which is seen as the lowering of the marching foot, the stronger part, or the long syllable, and the arsis, which is related to the raising of the foot, the weaker portion or the two short syllables.
The first five metra, or first five feet of a verse in dactylic hexameter form are dactyls. This is always the case. Well, not quite, since there are variations, especially in Homerian epics, (the guy liked to cheat to make things easier, it seems,) but I'll ignore those to simplify things. (an opportunity for further reading for all of us perhaps?)
The sixth metron (terms alert!) is made up of a thesis followed by an anceps (instead of an arsis.) The thesis always contains a long syllable, but the anceps that follows will consist of either another single long syllable or a single short syllable. A metron with a long syllable anceps is called a spondee and one with a short syllable anceps is called a trochee.
So a typical verse in a Greek epic poem would either be of the form: 'dactyl, dactyl, dactyl, dactyl, dactyl, spondee' or 'dactyl, dactyl, dactyl, dactyl, dactyl, trochee'.
Now since English is not dependent on long and short syllables as a rule, it's difficult to give examples of these in English, but just to give you a flavour, here are attempts at (meaningful?) examples of both:
Dum-diddy, dum-diddy, dum-diddy, dum-diddy, dum-diddy, dum-dum
(spondee form)
and
Doo-wop-wop, doo-wop-wop, doo-wop-wop, doo-wop-wop, doo-wop-wop, doo-wop
(trochee form)
It makes a lot more sense and sounds a hell of a lot more lyrical when you use proper words obviously, but hey, who has the time to learn Greek?
Now the complications...
- As I said, Greek poets, and later the Roman ones, veered from the standard, sometimes more often than they adhered to it, so that variations in the structure often appeared, with metra other than dactyls appearing mid-verse. This had more to do with the inflexibilities of language than anything else, so wasn't so much about the poets cheating, more that they were, using poetic licence to make their jobs that little bit easier, (that IS cheating, I suppose.) If you're interested, read up on substitution, contraction, scansion, caesura and bridges.
- The Romans came along and decided to give epic poetry a try themselves. This caused a number of problems since first of all Latin is an accentual stress based language like modern English, it still has long and short vowels but doesn't have such a fixed system of long and short syllables; also there are many more long vowels than short ones in Latin. This led to the spondee being dropped into the middle of verses where a dactyl should officially be, and eventually the expression of a long syllable was replaced by the stressed or accented syllable and the short syllable by an unstressed syllable. On top of that, for some reason the Romans decided to switch the definitions of the terms: 'arsis' and 'thesis' so that in Latin and all languages that come after, the arsis is the long or stressed syllable, and the thesis is what follows it.
In effect, though the variations from structure make the concept of dactylic hexameter much more complicated, the use of accent and stress as opposed to syllable weight has the effect of making Roman poems and later ones in modern language, sound much more poetic than the Greek (when recited in the original languages,) since the syllable weight method forced a more 'musical' sound into the verse.
So, who's going to impress me by going away and writing a verse in English, that adheres to the classical structure of dactylic hexameter then? I'll be watching the comments below eagerly.